The Scientific Research Applied to Cultural Heritage laboratory provides support to each branch of restoration, bringing the 21st-century technology into art history. Their studies bridge the gap between ancient and present art expressions of all mediums of art through every century. The combination of science and art allows not only an understanding of the issues of the individual artworks but also helps map out a course of action in order to save works from decay. The scientific research lab takes before and after photos of each artwork in order to give a more detailed description of the restoration, and they oftentimes use X-ray technology. X-rays serve two purposes; first, they allow the restorer to see current issues in the artwork and whether there are potential problems that could affect the piece’s future. Secondly, the researchers are able to view the thought process of the artist through the layers of material displayed by the X-ray. In this way, the artist’s intention or “pentimento” is made visible through the lab’s technology. In any restoration and conservation project or study of a work of art, a preliminary scientific study is conducted to devise a fundamental base for all the following steps of the restoration process. Defined in the “Rules of Restoration” of the Vatican Museums, this approach has always been a fundamental aspect of the proper study of art and its preservation. As a result, the Diagnostic Laboratory for Conservation and Restoration is actively present in every restoration and scientific study performed on pieces of the Vatican Museums’ collection. The research and scientific studies that the Laboratory performs are numerous and examine many scientific aspects ranging from chemistry to physics, from the study of static for anti-seismic verification of the statues to the definition of mineral materials on works. To continue to conduct these studies to the best of our abilities, we will need the suitable tools required to meet various challenges. As time goes by, the industries provide more and more updated instruments, which return increasingly higher quality results characterized by a greater degree of precision among other benefits.